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3 Bennett, Herman L. African Kings and Black Slaves: Sovereignty and Dispossession in the Early Modern Atlantic. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2018. Print.

4 ---. Africans in Colonial Mexico: Absolutism, Christianity, and Afro-Creole Consciousness, 1570-1640. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2003. Print.

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6 Blight, David W. “Up from ‘Twoness’: Frederick Douglass and the Meaning of W. E. B. DuBois’s Concept of Double Consciousness.” Canadian Review of American Studies 21.3 (1990): 301-19. Print.

7 Breitenwischer, Dustin. “Creative Democracy and Aesthetic Freedom: Notes on John Dewey and Frederick Douglass.” REAL Yearbook of Research in English and American Literature 34 (2018): 47-63. Print.

8 Cardoso, Rafael. Modernity in Black and White: Art and Image, Race and Identity in Brazil, 1890-1945. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2021. Print.

9 Celikates, Robin. “Learning from the Streets: Civil Disobedience in Theory and Practice.” global aCtIVISm: Art and Conflict in the 21st Century. Ed. Peter Weibel. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015. 65-72. Print.

10 Chaney, Michael A. Fugitive Vision: Slave Image and Black Identity in Antebellum Narrative. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2008. Print.

11 Chinen, Nobu. O negro nos quadrinhos do Brasil. São Paulo: Peirópolis, 2019. Print.

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13 Cloutier, Jean-Christophe. Shadow Archives: The Lifecycles of African American Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 2019. Print.

14 Därmann, Iris. Undienlichkeit: Gewaltgeschichte und politische Philosophie. Berlin: Matthes & Seitz, 2020. Print.

15 ---. Widerstände: Gewaltenteilung in statu nascendi. Berlin: Matthes & Seitz, 2021. Print.

16 Därmann, Iris, and Michael Wildt, eds. Widerständigkeit. Mittelweg 36 30.2 (2021). Print.

17 Douglass, Frederick. “A Tribute for the Negro.” The North Star, April 7, 1849. 2. Print.

18 ---. “Age of Pictures.” 1862. Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century’s Most Photographed American. Ed. John Stauffer, Zoe Trodd, and Celeste-Marie Bernier. New York: Liveright, 2015. 142-60. Print.

19 ---. “Lecture on Pictures.” 1861. Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century’s Most Photographed American. Ed. John Stauffer, Zoe Trodd, and Celeste-Marie Bernier. New York: Liveright, 2015. 126-41. Print.

20 ---. “Letter to Louis Prang.” 1870. The Chromolithographs of Louis Prang. Ed. Katherine M. McClinton. New York: Potter, 1973. 37. Print.

21 ---. “Pictures and Progress.” 1864/65. Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century’s Most Photographed American. Ed. John Stauffer, Zoe Trodd, and Celeste-Marie Bernier. New York: Liveright, 2015. 161-73. Print.

22 Du Bois, W. E. B. “Criteria of Negro Art.” 1926. The Portable Harlem Renaissance Reader. Ed. David Levering Lewis. New York: Penguin, 1994. 100-05. Print.

23 ---. The Souls of Black Folk. 1903. New York: Penguin, 1996. Print.

24 Edwards, Erika Denise. Hiding in Plain Sight: Black Women, the Law, and the Making of a White Argentine Republic. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2020. Print.

25 Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. 1961. New York: Penguin, 2001. Print.

26 Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1. 1976. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1990. Print.

27 Gates, Jr., Henry Louis. “Frederick Douglass’s Camera Obscura: Representing the Anti-Slave ‘Clothed and in Their Own Form.’” Epilogue. Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century’s Most Photographed American. Ed. John Stauffer, Zoe Trodd, and Celeste-Marie Bernier. New York: Liveright, 2015. 197-216. Print.

28 Gilroy, Paul. The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness. London: Verso, 1993. Print.

29 Gockel, Bettina, ed. The Colors of Photography. In collaboration with Nadine Jirka and Stella Jungmann. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020. Print.

30 Gooding-Williams, Robert. In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. Print.

31 Hall, Stuart. “Constituting an Archive.” Third Text 15.54 (2001): 89-92. Print.

32 Hirsch, Marianne, and Diana Taylor. “The Archive in Transit.” On the Subject of Archives. Ed. Marianne Hirsch and Diana Taylor. Spec. issue of E-misférica 9.1-2 (2012). Web. 13 March 2022. http://archive.hemisphericinstitute.org/hemi/en/e-misferica-91/hirschtaylor.

33 hooks, bell. “In Our Glory: Photography and Black Life.” Art on My Mind: Visual Politics. New York: New Press, 1995. 54-64. Print.

34 Howard, Sheena C., and Ronald L. Jackson, eds. Black Comics: Politics of Race and Representation. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. Print.

35 Jackson, Zakiyyah Iman. Becoming Human: Matter and Meaning in an Antiblack World. New York: New York UP, 2020. Print.

36 Locke, Alain. “Art or Propaganda?” 1928. Voices from the Harlem Renaissance. Ed. Nathaniel Irvin Huggins. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1976. 312. Print.

37 Lugo-Ortiz, Agnes. “Tras la visualidad del rostro esclavo: Exploraciones para un archivo.” On the Subject of Archives. Ed. Marianne Hirsch and Diana Taylor. Spec. issue of E-misférica 9.1-2 (2012). Web. 13 Mar. 2022. http://archive.hemisphericinstitute.org/hemi/en/e-misferica-91/lugoortiz.

38 Mulvey, Laura. “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Screen 16.3 (1975): 6-18. Print.

39 Nyong’o, Tavia. Afro-Fabulations: The Queer Drama of Black Life. New York: New York UP, 2019. Print.

40 Pendleton, Adam. Black Dada Reader. Köln: König, 2018. Print.

41 Posnock, Ross. Color and Culture: Black Writers and the Making of the Modern Intellectual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1998. Print.

42 Reid-Pharr, Robert F. “Anatomy of a Lynching.” Texte zur Kunst. 19 June 2020. Web. 13 Mar. 2022. https://www.textezurkunst.de/articles/anatomy-lynching.

43 ---. Archives of Flesh: African America, Spain, and Post-Humanist Critique. New York: New York UP, 2016. Print.

44 Roberts, Neil. Freedom as Marronage. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 2015. Print.

45 Sharpe, Christina. In the Wake: On Blackness and Being. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2016. Print.

46 Sheehan, Tanya. “Color Matters: Rethinking Photography and Race.” The Colors of Photography. Ed. Bettina Gockel. In collaboration with Nadine Jirka and Stella Jungmann. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2020. 55-71. Print.

47 Stauffer, John. “Frederick Douglass and the Aesthetics of Freedom.” Raritan 25.1 (2005): 114-36. Print.

48 Stauffer, John, Zoe Trodd, and Celeste-Marie Bernier, eds. Picturing Frederick Douglass: An Illustrated Biography of the Nineteenth Century’s Most Photographed American. New York: Liveright, 2015. Print.

49 Stein, Daniel. “What’s in an Archive? Cursory Observations and Serendipitous Reflections.” Archives. Ed. Daniel Stein. Spec. issue of Anglia: Journal of English Philology 138.3 (2020): 337-54. Print.

50 Strömberg, Fredrik. Black Images in the Comics: A Visual History. 2003. Seattle, WA: Fantagraphics, 2012. Print.

51 Wade, Peter, James Scorer, and Ignacio Aguiló, eds. Cultures of Anti-Racism in Latin America and the Caribbean. London: U of London P, 2019. Print.

52 Wall, Jeff. “After ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison, the Prologue 1999-2000.” The Museum of Modern Art. The Museum of Modern Art, Web. 13 Mar. 2022. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/88085.

53 Wallace, Maurice O., and Shawn Michelle Smith, eds. Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of the African American Identity. Durham: Duke UP, 2012. Print.

54 Whitted, Qiana J. EC Comics: Race, Shock, and Social Protest. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2019. Print.

55 Wrobel, Jasmin. “História(s) redesenhada(s): Visualizando analogias entre hoje e o passado – periferias urbanas, resistência negra e vozes femeninas na obra de Marcelo D’Salete.” ArtCultura 21.39 (2019): 99-116. Web. 2 Mar. 2022. ­https://doi.org/10.14393/artc-v21-n39-2019-52029.