Weiter zum Inhalt

Envisaging a Just War: Genre and Ideological Manipulation in "Over There"

Marek Paryż, Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż


Seiten 41 - 59

DOI https://doi.org/10.33675/AMST/2024/1/6


open-access

This publication is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0.



This article analyzes the American TV series "Over There" (2005) with regard to its ideological manipulations aimed at a moral legitimization of the then-ongoing Iraq War. The film is discussed in the light of its appropriation of Just War Theory, especially its misuses of the principles of “legitimate authority” ("jus ad bellum"), “proportionality of means,” and “necessity” ("jus in bello"). The series’s depiction of the Iraq War as a humanitarian endeavor carried out to safeguard Western values echoes V. S. Naipaul’s concept of “universal civilization.” The article shows how "Over There" inadvertently reveals the ethical and legal ambiguities at the core of Just War Theory whose principles are all too easily prone to deliberate misinterpretation for political purposes.

Key Words: Iraq War; Just War Theory; War on Terror; war film; politics of ­representation; universal civilization

1 Barker, Martin. A “Toxic Genre”: The Iraq War Films. London: Pluto, 2011. Print.

2 Basinger, Jeanine. The World War II Combat Film: Anatomy of a Genre. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan UP, 2003. Print.

3 Brokaw, Tom. The Greatest Generation. New York: Random House, 2004. Print.

4 Bourke, Joanna. An Intimate History of Killing: Face-to-Face Killing in Twentieth-Century Warfare. London: Granta, 2000. Print.

5 Bush, George W. “President Bush’s Second Inaugural Address.” National Public Radio. Natl. Public Radio. 2 Jan. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4460172.

6 ---. “President George W. Bush’s Speech to the Nation.” The White House. 9 July 2003. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/09/20030909.html.

7 Chapman, James. War and Film. London: Reaktion, 2008.

8 Coates, Anthony Jones. The Ethics of War. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1997. Print.

9 Cohan, George M. “Over There.” Perf. James Cagney. Yankee Doodle Dandy. Dir. Michael Curtiz. Warner Bros., 1942. Film.

10 Colonomos, Ariel. The Gamble of War: Is It Possible to Justify Preventive War? Trans. Chris Turner. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Print.

11 Cornelius, David. “Review of Over There: Season One.” DVD Talk. DVD Talk, 22 Mar. 2006. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/20779/over-there-season-1.

12 Debrix, François. “The Sublime Spectatorship of War: The Erasure of the Event in America’s Politics and Terror and Aesthetics of Violence.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 34.3 (2006): 767-91. Print.

13 Flynn, Gillian. “Review of Over There.” Entertainment Weekly 25 July 2005. Web. 16 Jan. 2024. https://ew.com/article/2005/07/25/over-there/.

14 Froula, Anna. “Political Amnesia Over Here and Imperial Spectacle Over There.” American Militarism on the Small Screen. Ed. Anna Froula and Stacy Takacs. New: Routledge, 2016. n. pag. E-book.

15 Golash, Deirdre. “Torture and Self-Defense.” Intervention, Terrorism, and Torture: Contemporary Challenges to Just War Theory. Ed. Steven P. Lee. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007. 263-71. Print.

16 Lango, John W. “Generalizing and Temporalizing Just War Principles: Illustrated by the Principle of Just Cause.” Rethinking the Just War Tradition. Ed. Michael W. Brough, John W. Lango, and Harry van der Linden. Albany: State U of New York P, 2007. 75-95. Print.

17 Linden, Harry van der, “Just War Theory and U.S. Military Hegemony.” Rethinking the Just War Tradition. Ed. Michael W. Brough, John W. Lango, and Harry van der Linden. Albany: State U of New York P, 2007. 53-74. Print.

18 May, Larry. War Crimes and Just War. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2007. Print.

19 Michlin, Monica. “Between Unsanitized Depiction and Sensory Overload: The Deliberate Ambiguities of Generation Kill (HBO, 2008).” TV/Series 9 (2016). Web. 24 Jan. 2024. http://journals.openedition.org/tvseries/1293.

20 Naipaul, V. S. “Our Universal Civilization.” New York Times, New York Times. 5 Nov. 1990. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/specials/naipaul-universal.html.

21 O’Donovan, Oliver. The Just War Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print.

22 O’Driscoll, Cian. The Renegotiation of the Just War Tradition and the Right to War in the Twenty-First Century. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. Print.

23 Over There. Creat. Steven Bochco and Chris Gerolmo. 20th Century Fox Television, 2005. TV Series.

24 Prince, Stephen. Firestorm: American Film in the Age of Terrorism. New York: Columbia UP, 2009. Print.

25 ReelCheese. “Review of Over There.” Internet Movie Data Base. Amazon, 11 July 2006. Web. 17 Jan. 2024. https://www.imdb.com/review/rw1417679/?ref_=tt_urv.

26 Reuters. “Bochco Insists ‘Over There’ Isn’t Political.” Today.com. NBC Universal, 12 July 2005. Web. 17 Jan. 2024. www.today.com/popculture/bocho-insists-over-there-isn-t-political-wbna8546767.

27 ---. “FX Network Ends Iraq War Drama Over There.” TV.com. 2 Nov. 2005. Web. 16 July 2017.

28 Rogers, Paul. Iraq and the War on Terror: Twelve Months of Insurgency 2004 / 2005. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006. Print.

29 Schrodt, Paul. “Review of Over There.” Slant. Slant Magazine, 21 Aug. 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. https://www.slantmagazine.com/tv/over-there/.

30 Slotkin, Richard. “The ‘Lost Battalion’ of the Argonne .and the Origin of the Platoon Movie: Race, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of American Nationality.” The Great War in Post-Memory Literature and Film. Ed. Martin Löschnigg and Marzena Sokołowska-Paryż. Berlin: DeGruyter, 2014. 305-19. Print.

31 Stevens, Dana. “War (in a General Sense) Is Hell: Steven Bochco’s Over There Can’t See the Quagmire for the Trees.” Slate, Slate Group. 27 July 2005. Web. 24 Jan. 2024. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/07/steven-bochco-s-over-there-can-t-see-the-quagmire-for-the-trees.html.

32 Terkel, Studs, ‘The Good War’: An Oral History of World War II. New York: Ballantine, 1984. Print.

33 Underhill, Natasha. Countering Global Terrorism and Insurgency: Calculating the Risk of State Failure in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iraq. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Print.

34 Weeks, Albert L. The Choice of War: The Iraq War and the Just War Tradition. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2010. Print.

35 Westwell, Guy. War Cinema: Hollywood on the Front Line. London: Wallflower, 2006. Print.

Empfehlen


Export Citation