Weiter zum Inhalt

Pray for Peace but Fight Your Insect Enemies: U.S. Postal Messaging and Cold War Propaganda

Laura Goldblatt, Richard Handler


Seiten 255 - 278

DOI https://doi.org/10.33675/AMST/2020/3/4


open-access

This publication is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives 4.0. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)



In this essay, we examine “slogan cancels”—postal messages used to deface or “kill” a stamp—produced and disseminated on U.S. mail during the early Cold War. Slogan cancels, like postage stamps, afford spaces the state, through its postal service, can use to send messages to a mass public. While stamps celebrate national identity, slogans instruct citizens how to behave. In the Cold War, such instructions often concerned impending disasters and the ultimate threat of nuclear annihilation. Since the juxtaposition of slogans and stamps occurs randomly, it is not surprising that among the artifacts emergent from the process—the envelopes arriving in the mail—can be found some in which the slogan’s message is not consonant with, and even contradicts, that of the stamp. Despite the Post Office’s functional efficiency, the artifacts delivered by the system emerge bearing messages that are in some respects random. This mechanically produced randomness is a literal embodiment of the ideological content of the slogans (“Pray for Peace”), which testify to an apparently powerful state’s concerns about its own lack of agency in a dangerous world.

Keywords: agency; Cold War; postal cancelations; propaganda; U.S. postage stamps

1 Balogh, Brian. A Government out of Sight: The Mystery of National Authority in Nineteenth-Century America. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. Print.

2 Barnhisel, Greg. Cold War Modernists: Art, Literature, and American Cultural Diplomacy. New York: Columbia UP, 2015. Print.

3 Bennett, Jane. “The Agency of Assemblages and the North American Blackout.” Public Culture 17.3 (2005): 445-65. Web. 1 May 2020. https://pdfs.semantic scholar.org/5b9f/aa999aa63f335b5c94cfc0f1f6eb4cd1019b.pdf.

4 Bradley, Wendell. “Protests over Postmark Ads Stir Study.” Washington Post and Times Herald, 31 May 1959: 6. ProQuest Online Historical Newspapers Database. Web. 9 Jan. 2019.

5 Brennan, Sheila A. Stamping American Memory: Collectors, Citizens and the Post. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2018. Print.

6 Brinson, Susan. “CONELRAD on the Front Line of Cold War Defense.” Media, War and Conflict 2 (2009): 339-57. Print.

7 Capozzola, Christopher. Uncle Sam Wants You: World War I and the Making of the Modern American Citizen. New York: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.

8 Casey, Steven. “Selling NSC-68: The Truman Administration, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Mobilization, 1950-51.” Diplomatic History 29.4 (2005): 655-90. Print.

9 Compaine, Benjamin, and Brendan Cunningham. “Scholars Help Answer John Wanamaker’s Query: Which Half of My Advertising Is Wasted?” Journal of Media Economics 23.1 (2010): 1-4. Web. 22 Mar. 2020. https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/08997761003590374.

10 Dulles, John Foster. “Thoughts on Soviet Foreign Policy and What to Do about It.” Life 3 June 1946: 110-25. Print.

11 ---. War or Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1950. Print.

12 Elliott, Robin Gates. “Philatelic Propaganda: A Case Study—Border Changes in Eastern Europe, 1938-1941.” The Winton M. Blount Postal History Symposia: Selected Papers, 2010-2011. Ed. T. Lera. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly P, 2012. 59-67. Print.

13 Fussell, Jr. Paul. “Postal Reforms Asked.” The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 18 Nov. 1960: 30L. Web. 9 Jan. 2019. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/11/18/issue.html.

14 Ganz, Cheryl, and Daniel Piazza. Delivering Hope: FDR and Stamps of the Great Depression. Washington: Smithsonian National Postal Museum, 2009. Print.

15 Gettel, Janet. “What Is Obscene Mail?” Chicago Daily Tribune. Tribune Publishing, 20 Dec. 1960: 12. ProQuest Online Historical Newspapers Database. Web. 9 Jan. 2019.

16 Goldblatt, Laura, and Richard Handler. “Toward a New National Iconography: Native Americans on United States Postage Stamps, 1863-1922.” Winterthur Portfolio 51.1 (2017): 55-79. Web. 17 May 2020. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/693992?mobileUi=0&.

17 Handler, Richard. “Mining the Time-Space Matrix: Commemorative Postage Stamps and United States World’s Fairs, 1893-1915.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6.1 (2016): 293-316. Web. 17 May 2020. https://www.haujournal.org/index.php/hau/article/view/hau6.1.017.

18 Harrington, Catherine. “Ike Hails Pledge Revision.” The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 15 June 1954: 10. ProQuest Online Historical Newspapers Database. Web. 9 Jan. 2019.

19 Henkin, David. The Postal Age: The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth-Century America. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 2006. Print.

20 Horowitz, Daniel. Consuming Pleasures: Intellectuals and Popular Culture in the Postwar World. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 2012. Print.

21 “Hungarian Reds Protest Our Crusade Postal Cancellation.” Stamps 99 (1957): 48. Print.

22 Jacobs, Robert A. “‘There Are No Civilians; We Are All at War’: Nuclear War Shelter and Survival Narratives during the Early Cold War.” Journal of American Culture 30.4 (2007): 401-16. Print.

23 Johl, Max. “Prevent Forest Fire Cancels 1948.” Stamps 66 (1949): 198. Print.

24 John, Richard R. Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1995. Print.

25 Lawrence, Ken. “The Challenge of the Liberty Series.” American Philatelist 108 (1994): 122-56. Web. 2 Dec. 2019.

26 Luff, Moe. United States Postal Slogan Cancel Catalog. Privately published, Spring Valley, NY, 1975. Print.

27 Maxwell, William J. F. B. Eyes: How J. Edgar Hoover’s Ghostreaders Framed African American Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2015. Print.

28 Miracle on 34th Street. Dir. George Seaton. Perf. Maureen O’Hara, John Payne, Natalie Wood, and Edmund Gwenn. 20th Century Fox, 1947. Film.

29 Mirzoeff, Nicholas. The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2011. Print.

30 Mitchell, W. J. T. Image Science: Iconology, Visual Culture, and Media Aesthetics. Chicago, IL: U of Chicago P, 2015. Print.

31 Modaressi, Matin. “Philatelic Propaganda: U.S. Postage Stamps During the Cold War.” Journal of Cold War Studies 19.3 (2017): 196-201. Print.

32 Monson, Ingrid T. Freedom Sounds: Civil Rights Call Out to Jazz and Africa. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. Print.

33 Newcomer, E. J. “Postal Slogans: Insects.” American Philatelist 67 (1954): 745. Print.

34 Oakes, Guy, and Andrew Grossman. “Managing Nuclear Terror: The Genesis of American Civil Defense Strategy.” International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society 5.3 (1992): 361-403. Print.

35 Ober, William. “Postal Prayer.” The Washington Post. Washington Post, 12 Jan. 1958: E4. ProQuest Online Historical Newspapers Database. Web. 9 Jan. 2019.

36 “Postmaster Goldman Proposes Stamps Honoring Philanthropists at Opening Ceremonies of New Post Office Station.” Stamps 73 (1950): 398. Print.

37 “Post Office Acts to Trim ‘Frills.’” The New York Times. The New York Times Company, 26 Mar. 1961: 8. Web. 9 Jan. 2019. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/03/26/issue.html.

38 “‘Pray for Peace’ Cancellations Announced.” American Philatelist 69 (1956): 786. Print.

39 Rose, Dan. “Active Ingredients.” Contemporary Marketing and Consumer Behavior: An Anthropological Sourcebook. Ed. John F. Sherry, Jr. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995. 51-85. Print.

40 Russell, Edmund. War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Print.

41 Saunders, Frances. The Cultural Cold War: The CIA and the World of Arts and Letters. New York: New Press, 1999. Print.

42 Savakis, A. J., ed. The Machine Cancel Forum 231 S (March 2010): 5. Web. 14 Jan. 2019. http://www.machinecancel.org/forum/GP_2010_03/MCF_GP_2010_narrow.pdf.

43 Scott-Smith, Giles. The Politics of Apolitical Culture: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the CIA, and Post-War American Hegemony. London: Routledge, 2002. Print.

44 Shinozuka, Jeannie N. “Deadly Perils: Japanese Beetles and the Pestilential Immigrant, 1920s-1930s.” American Quarterly 65.4 (2013): 831-52. Print.

45 Trump, Donald J. “Billions of Dollars Are Given Each Year, with so Many Lives Lost, All because of Gross Mismanagement of the Forests. Remedy Now, or No More Fed Payments!” 10 Nov. 2018, 3:08 a. m. Tweet.

46 United States. Cong. Rec. 9 Aug. 1954: 13820. Google Books. Web. 24 Aug. 2020.

47 United States. Cong. House. Authorizing Special Canceling Stamp “Pray for Peace.” 3rd Cong. 2nd sess. Rept. 9120. Washington, GPO, 1954. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt6/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1954-pt6-13-2.pdf.

48 United States. Department of Agriculture [USDA]. Fighting Our Insect Enemies: Achievements of Professional Entomology 1854-1954. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 121. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1954. Print.

49 United States. Post Office Department [USPOD]. Postal Manual. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1921. Print.

50 Von Eschen, Penny M. Satchmo Blows up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2006. Print.

51 “What Ails the U.S. Mails?” Life 28 Nov. 1969: 24-25. Life Magazine Online Database. Web. 5 May 2020.

52 Wootson, Jr., Cleve R. “The Deadliest, Most Destructive Wildfire in California’s History Has Finally Been Contained.” The Washington Post. Washington Post, 25 Nov. 2018: A8. Web. 9 Jan. 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/11/25/camp-fire-deadliest-wildfire-californias-history-has-been-contained/.

Empfehlen


Export Citation